Abstract Staphylus evemerus Godman & Salvin, 1896 is a species with a unique set of morphological characters within Carcharodini. Also, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences analysis demonstrated a large genetic distance with other related genera of the tribe. Therefore, this paper aims to describe a new genus for this species, which is named as Uniphylus gen. nov. Besides the morphological redescription of the male of Uniphylus evemerus (Godman & Salvin, 1896) new comb., the description of the female is provided for the first time, as well as an updated distributional map with all records known so far for this species.

RESUMO O comportamento de oviposição da rara borboleta Minstrellus grandis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) é registrado pela primeira vez. Duas fêmeas depositaram ovos sobre folhas velhas de uma Triplaris (Polygonaceae) não identificada, uma planta mirmecofítica conhecida popularmente como ‘pau-formiga’ ou ‘novateiro’, habitadas por formigas ‘taxi’ agressivas do gênero Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Estas observações sugerem que as lagartas de M. grandis vivem associadas com um dos mais perigosos tipos de simbiose formiga-planta da Amazônia.

ABSTRACT The oviposition behavior of the rare butterfly Minstrellus grandis (Callaghan, 1999) (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is recorded for the first time. Two females laid eggs on the old leaves of an unidentified Triplaris Loefl. ex L. (Polygonaceae), a myrmecophytic plant typically known as ‘Triplaria’ or ‘novice’ tree, inhabited by aggressive ‘taxi’ ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex Lund. 1831 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). These observations suggest that M. grandis caterpillars live associated with one of the most harmful types of Amazon ant-plant symbiosis.

Abstract A new genus, Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca gen. nov., and species, Nhambikuara cerradensis Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca sp. nov., of the highly diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina are described. Nhambikuara cerradensis sp. nov. is the type species for the genus, and Euptychia mima Butler, 1867 is also transferred to the new genus, as Nhambikuara mima (Butler, 1867) comb. nov., from the genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution and natural history of species of the genus are also discussed.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41AD7568-3490-4F63-A019-32D5592A8C44

ABSTRACT A new skipper butterfly, Phocides petroleum Siewert, Leviski, Mielke & Casagrande sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Caranavi, La Paz Department, Bolivia. The new species seems closely related to Phocides charon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859) but could be easily distinguished by a set of external characteristics. Lectotypes are designated for Erycides charon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859 and Erycides scython Godman & Salvin, 1879.

A riqueza e abundância das assembleias de espécies em uma comunidade é uma forma de fundamentar os padrões de diversidade encontrados ao redor do mundo. Este estudo descreve as assembleias de Saturniidae e Sphingidae em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana, Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, Brasil, 880m, 25º50'8.93"S, 49º02'55.20"W. Amostragens foram coletadas entre Novembro de 2010 e Setembro de 2011 durante duas noites de cada um dos 12 novilúnios do período com armadilha luminosa equipada com lâmpada de luz negra (ultravioleta) de 46 watts entre duas lâmpadas de luz mista de mercúrio HWL 250 watts das 18:00 até as 06:00 h. O esforço amostral totalizou 288 horas, resultando na coleta de 1235 exemplares, representados por 124 espécies, dos quais: 858 exemplares e 86 espécies de Saturniidae e, 377 exemplares e 38 espécies de Sphingidae. Ressalta-se a amostragem de 10 novas espécies, sendo uma do gênero de Automerella Michener, 1949; duas de Hylesia Hübner, [1820], uma de Lonomia Walker, 1855 e seis de Periga Walker, 1855 que serão descritas.

The richness and abundance of the assemblage of species in a community are a way to understand the patterns of diversity found around the world. This study describes the assemblages of Saturniidae and Sphingidae in an area of Montana Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, Brazil, 880m, 25º50'8.93"S, 49º 02'55.20"W. Samples were collected between November 2010 and September 2011 during two nights at the twelve new moons periods with a light trap equipped with black light lamp (ultraviolet) of 46 watts between two mercury mixed-light lamps HWL 250 watts from 6:00 p.m to 06:00 a.m. The sampling effort totaled 288 hours. This sampling effort was responsible for the capture of 1235 specimens, distributed in 124 species: 858 specimens and 86 species of Saturniidae, and 377 specimens and 38 species of Sphingidae. It is noteworthy the sampling of 10 new species: one of Automerella Michener, 1949, two of Hylesia Hübner, [1820], one of Lonomia Walker, 1855 and six of Periga Walker, 1855, that will be described.

Notes on the geographic distribution and subspecific taxonomy of Sais rosalia (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiini), including the first records in Paraguay. This paper provides comments on the subspecific taxonomy and geographic distribution of Sais rosalia (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiini), as well as an up-to-date distributional map, complemented with unpublished distributional data based on specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus S. Moure, Curitiba, Brazil and the Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru. The following synonyms are proposed: Sais rosalia camariensis Haensch, 1905 syn. rev. as junior subjective synonym of Papilio rosalia Cramer, 1779 and Sais rosalia brasiliensis Talbot, 1928 syn. rev. as junior subjective synonym of Sais rosalia rosalinde Weymer, 1890. Additionally, the first country records of Sais rosalia in Paraguay, including the southernmost record of the species, are documented.

Embora a região Belém seja uma das áreas mais exploradas da Amazônia com coletas desde o século XVIII, grande parte das informações se encontra dispersa em coleções internacionais, o que dificulta a reunião de dados e interpretações biogeográficas. Visando ampliar o conhecimento da fauna de lepidópteros da região, o presente estudo levantou uma lista de 225 espécies de Hesperiidae encontradas na RPPN Klagesi durante aproximadamente 24 anos de amostragens esporádicas, embora mais freqüentemente na última década. São adicionadas 113 espécies previamente não relacionadas para a região, a qual passa a ser a área de maior riqueza conhecida de Hesperiidae dentre todas as regiões de endemismo da Amazônia brasileira até então inventariadas. No entanto, o conhecimento da diversidade de Hesperiidae em outras áreas de endemismo é tão restrito, que a riqueza de espécies deve ser utilizada apenas como indicador de esforço amostral ao invés de inferências biogeográficas. Três das regiões de endemismo ainda não apresentam nenhum inventário de fauna (Xingú, Napo e Imeri), enquanto as demais são reconhecidas por um ou poucos inventários. Portanto, para que a lepidopterofauna amazônica seja realmente conhecida e utilizada em estudos de biogeografia e conservação, são necessários esforços direcionados nestas regiões ainda totalmente desconhecidas ou mesmo a reunião de informações sobre coletas já realizadas, cujo material se encontra disperso em coleções pelo mundo.

The region of Belém is one of the best known area of the Amazon Forest, given its scientific explorations since the 18th century. However much of the informations about the biological diversity of the region is scattered at several museums around the world, thus making it harder to access and to propose biogeographical hypothesis.. Aiming to contribute to the knowledge of lepidopterological diversity of the region, the present study lists 225 species of Hesperiidae present at Private Natural Reserve Klagesi registered during approximately 24 years of sporadically collecting, although more frequently on the past decade. One hundred and thirteen species not yet registered in endemism's region of Belém are added, which makes it the richest of all Amazonian endemism areas in Brazil. However, the Amazonian skippers are so poorly known that this richness index can only be used for effort comparisons instead of biogeographical or ecological inferences. Three of the endemism regions still lack information about their diversity (Xingú, Napo and Imeri), while others are known basically from one or a few inventories. Therefore, focused sampling at those unknown areas or gathering information at international museums are indispensable strategies to obtain a better knowledge of Amazonian butterfly diversity so they can be used for biogeographical studies and conservation management.

Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) coligidos em expedição aos Rios Nhamundá e Abacaxis, Amazonas, Brasil: novos subsídios para o conhecimento da biodiversidade da Amazônia Brasileira. Objetivando um aprimoramento do conhecimento da lepidopterofauna diurna da Amazônia brasileira, este estudo lista 180 taxa coligidos em cinco pontos distintos de dois afluentes do Rio Amazonas, envolvendo as áreas de endemismo Guiana e Rondônia. As coletas foram passivas e ativas e as diferentes localidades comparadas através de análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-Métrico (NMDS).

Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) collected in an expedition to the Nhamundá and Abacaxis rivers, Amazonas, Brazil: new insights for understanding the biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazon. Aiming at improving the knowledge of the diurnal lepidopterofauna of the Amazon rainforest, this study lists 180 taxa collected at five different points along two tributaries of the Amazon River, including the Guyana and Rondonia areas of endemism. The different localities were compared using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis (NMDS).

The present note aims to describe two alternative methods for observing genitalia in Lepidoptera. The first one provides means to examine both male and female genitalia without spoiling the scales of the abdomen, preserving it attached to the thorax and aesthetically similar to an unexamined specimen. The second one provides ways of observing certain characters on the male genitalia in a non-destructive way, and does not depend on time-consuming removing and dissection of the abdomen. It is expected that the presented techniques will help on morphological studies and on identifying similar species which consistently differ in genitalic armatures.

Immature stages of Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwittz) were subject of a behavior, biological and morphological study. The morphological study was carried out through observation by stereoscopic microscopy with camera lucida and micrometric lens attached for illustrations and measurements, respectively; and scanning electron microscopy for ultrastructural analysis. Behavioral data were obtained through direct observation in the field and laboratory. Eggs were laid on the underside of leaves of two Lauraceae species. The first to third instars build frass chains, the fourth and the fifth instars build a conical shelter using a single leaf of the host plant. Before pupation, larvae bend its body ventrally and the pupae are incapable of movement. Descriptions, illustrations and photographs of egg, all five instars and pupa are given. The cephalic morphology and chaetotaxy of first instar were described and illustrated. Results are compared with other Charaxinae immature stages.

Ovo, larva e pupa de Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) são descritos e ilustrados.

Egg, larva and pupa of Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) are described and illustrated.

O presente trabalho visa fornecer subsídios para estudos morfológicos comparativos de Charaxinae neotropicais. Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwitz, 1865) é a segunda espécie neotropical de Anaeini e a primeira do gênero Memphis a ter sua morfologia detalhada. A morfologia externa é apresentada com descrições, ilustrações e imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de estruturas da cabeça e apêndices cefálicos, região cervical, tórax e apêndices torácicos, abdome e genitálias masculina e feminina. A morfologia de M. moruus stheno é comparada com uma espécie do gênero proximamente relacionado Zaretis Hübner, [1819].

This study is intended to allow further comparative morphological studies on the Neotropical Charaxinae. Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwitz, 1865) is the second species of Anaeini and the first in the genus Memphis to have its morphology published in detail. The external morphology is presented with descriptions, line drawings and scan electron microscopy of the head and its appendages, cervix, thorax and its appendages, abdomen and both male and female genital armatures. Memphis moruus stheno is compared with a species of its closely related genus Zaretis Hübner, [1819].

A morfologia externa do adulto de A. melanisans Oberthür, 1917 é descrita e ilustrada. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros já publicados para a morfologia externa de Nymphalidae (Danainae, Brassolinae/Brassolini sensu CASAGRANDE (2004), Morphinae/Morphini sensu LAMAS (2004a), Ithomiinae e Charaxinae). É apresentado um padrão para a caracterização morfológica do gênero, sendo esse o primeiro estudo detalhado de morfologia de uma espécie de Acraeini, agregando informações úteis para subsidiar a análise filogenética das espécies Neotropicais.

The external morphology of adult A. melanisans Oberthür, 1917 is described and illustrated. The results obtained were compared with other studies already published on the external morphology of Nymphalidae - Danainae: Brassolinae: Brassolini sensu CASAGRANDE (2004), Morphinae: Morphini sensu LAMAS (2004a), Ithomiinae and Charaxinae. A pattern for the morphological characterization of the genus is presented. It is the first detailed study of the morphology of a species of Acraeini, therefore contributing with information on characters useful for the phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical species.

Paradaemonia Bouvier, 1925 possui atualmente 14 espécies exclusivamente neotropicais, com distribuição do México até a Argentina. Neste estudo, uma nova espécie, Paradaemonia meridionalis sp. nov., do Centro-Sul do Brasil é descrita. A espécie aqui descrita pertence ao grupo de Paradaemonia castanea (Rothschild, 1907) e P. platydesmia (Rothschild, 1907).

Paradaemonia Bouvier, 1925 has 14 exclusively neotropical species, widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Here a new species, Paradaemonia meridionalis sp. nov., from Central Southern Brazil is described. The species described below is closely related to Paradaemonia castanea (Rothschild, 1907) and P. platydesmia (Rothschild, 1907) group.

Parides bunichus almas ssp.nov. é descrita com base em material coletado no Pico das Almas, Rio de Contas, Bahia, Brasil.

Parides bunichus almas ssp.nov. is described from Pico das Almas, Rio de Contas, Bahia, Brazil.